First Philippine Republic

The republic proclaimed at Malolos on 23 January 1899 under the constitution approved three days earlier. It lasted a little over two years before American forces ended it.

The claim attached to it needs stating precisely, because the popular version does not survive contact with the counter-cases. Say: the first constitutional republic in Asia to be drafted and ratified by an elected congress. Do not say “the first republic in Asia” flat.

The counter-cases raised in the literature are the Lanfang Republic in Borneo, the Republic of Formosa, the Republic of Ezo in Japan, the ancient Indian mahajanapadas, and Aguinaldo’s own earlier Tejeros and Biak-na-Bato governments, which had already used the name República de Filipinas. Name them when someone raises them, and the qualified claim holds.

Source: Compiled from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic , with the disputed-claim handling rule carried from this course’s history research map, which flags the “first republic in Asia” line as contested and specifies the qualified wording above.

First used in: 1.3 · What Filipinos built the moment they could